The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Academic Performance - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1731 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Sleep Deprivation Essay Did you like this example? Sleep is an important biological necessity that all people need to maintain a healthy lifestyle. It helps people work at an optimum level and is critical for brain functioning, helping with all the cognitive functions such as memory, learning, decision making, and critical thinking. This makes sleep extremely important for academic performance. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Academic Performance" essay for you Create order However, research shows that not everyone is getting enough sleep to function properly, especially college students. Researchers state that sleep deprivation is one of the main reasons college students receive low academic scores aside from stress which contributes to sleep deprivation. The purpose of this research proposal is to examine what contributes to sleep deprivation and see how it then affects academic performance. The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Academic Performance Sleep is a vital necessity for people to live a healthy lifestyle in which they can function well and think properly. It helps with memory consolidation, learning, decision-making, and critical thinking (Gilbert Weaver, 2010). Therefore, sleep deprivation is necessary for keeping these cognitive functions at an optimal level for performance wherever the person may be, whether it be at work, home, or even school. Unfortunately, not everyone receives adequate amounts of sleep in order to function properly throughout the day. These poor performances as a result of poor sleep quality and sleep deprivation is especially evident among college students. Since college students have such busy work, school, and social schedules to keep up with, their sleep cycles become negatively affected by it. They tend to have irregular sleep-cycles depending on the day of the week and report dissatisfaction with sleep as a result of poor sleep quality (Gilbert Weaver, 2010). Causes of Sleep Deprivation There are many causes as to why sleep deprivation occurs in college students. In a study done by Ahrberg and his colleagues (2012), they found that different modes of stress affect the circadian sleep rhythms of the students. OF these modes of stress, stress from work and school are the most prevalent. A working student can feel stress from going to school, then working to hard at their job, and then having to come home to do more schoolwork until the early hours of the day. Students who do not have a job may also feel the same stresses as working students if they spend too much time procrastinating and have to spend time working on schoolwork until the early morning as well. Ahrberg and his colleagues (2012) also state that as a result of sleeping this late, sleep deprivation acts as another stressor on the student. More causes of sleep deprivation as stated by Tsai and Li (2004), are gender and grade differences. In Tsai and Lis study, they found that female students tend to receive lesser sleep with poorer sleep quality and more awakenings in the middle of the night compared to male students. The male students would receive more sleep with better quality. This is because women went to bed later but rose earlier. According to Tsai and Li (2004), younger students such as college freshmen also tended to sleep less than college seniors no matter what their gender. This may be because of fewer workloads and the more relaxed attitude of college seniors since they have their life more balanced out as opposed to the incoming freshmen that are just trying to figure things out. The college freshmen may feel more stress as they try to balance having a social life and keeping up with their academics at the same time. As a result, sleep deprivation can be caused by both gender differences and grade differe nces. Sleep Deprivation and Academic Performance Many studies in the past have shown that sleep deprivation does correlate with poor academic performance because of lower abilities in cognition as a result of poor sleep quality. In the study done by Gilbert and Weaver (2010), the two researchers found that sleep loss interferes with a students academic, extracurricular and vocational choices. They also found that the amount of hours students sleep in a 24-hour period has greatly decreased over the years while sleep dissatisfaction has increased. Another study done by Medeiros and three other colleagues (2001), found a correlation between poor academic performances and sleep deprivation but in this study, they analyzed how irregular sleep cycles can be the result of different days of the week. For example, their participants tended to have prolonged sleep during the weekends because of their loss of sleep during the weekdays because of school (Medeiros et al., 2001). Since humans have the tendency to continue sleeping late as the re sult of their human circadian rhythm, sleep deprivation is further worsened (Medeiros et al., 2001). As stated before by Ahrberg and his colleagues (2012), stress can also worsen the desynchronization of circadian rhythms and make people moody and cause them to not be as alert as they should be. In a similar study done by Kelly, W. and two other colleagues (2001), they also found that sleep deprivation greatly affects a students ability to perform well in their classes. This is evident through the students GPAs. Kelly and colleagues reported that people who slept 9 hours or more in a 24-hour period had significantly higher GPAs than short sleepers who sleep 6 hours or less in a 24-hour period. These short sleepers also tended to show signs of anxiousness, were less creative, more neurotic, and more prone to hallucinate as well (Kelly, Kelly, Clanton, 2001). Hypothesis/Rationale The purpose of this research is to examine what contributes to sleep deprivation and see how it then affects academic performance. Past research has shown the effects of stress, gender, and grade differences on sleep deprivation. It would also be interesting to see if there are other factors that worsen sleep deprivation. Hypothesis: Participants who are female, have high amounts of stress, and are college freshmen are more likely to experience more sleep deprivation and as a result perform poorly academically. Method Participants The data will be collected from undergraduate psychology students at the California State University of Long Beach. The expected students ages would range between 18 and 23. Around 150 participants are expected to be selected through a cluster sampling procedure, where 75 participants would be males and 75 participants would be females. These students would be chosen in an introductory psychology class after taking a test. The participants would be asked to complete a survey regarding their sleep patterns, stress levels during the semester, pre-test, and post-test, and their academic performance such as GPA and how they perform in class. Materials and Measures Materials. Paper and pencils would be needed to distribute the surveys to the participants in the classroom. Measures. Demographics such as gender and grade level will be collected because past research has shown that females are more likely to become victims of poor sleep quality and sleep deprivation while it also depends on their grade level differences (Tsai Li, 2004). It would also be interesting to see whether or not ethnicity correlates with sleep deprivation in any way and how it affects their academic performance. For this experiment, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) will be used to measure the subjective sleep quality in participants (Ahrberg, Dresler, Niedermaier, Steiger, Genzel, 2012). The 6-point Kunins faces scale will also be used to measure stress in the participants, along with a survey of five questions regarding their thoughts on their academic performance in the class. Procedure Before the day the survey will be taking place, the professor of the introduction to psychology class will be asked for permission to have the survey take place in their classroom after the students have completed one of the midterm exams for the class. After getting the professors consent to work in his classroom, a schedule would be set for the day the survey will take place. On the day of the survey, one of the researchers for this study will enter the classroom to greet the students before their midterm exam and to inform them of the survey that will be taking place after the exam if the students choose to participate. The participants would be informed by the researcher that the results would be confidential and anonymous, and if he or she feels the need to leave at any time during the survey they may do so without feeling uncomfortable in any way and without receiving any penalties. The students would be asked to stay behind after they have completed their exams to complete the survey. Once a student has completed his or her midterm exam, they student would bring up their exam to the front of the classroom to hand their exam in. Then the researcher supervising that classroom would hand the student a survey for them to complete if they choose to. On the first page of the survey, the participant would be given a consent form to read and sign regarding the experiment. After reading and signing the consent forms, he or she would understand that the experiment is investigating what causes sleep deprivation and how sleep deprivation affects academic performance. In the survey the participant would be asked a total of 18 questions regarding their sleep patterns, stress levels during the semester, pre-test, and post-test, and their academic performance. The first section of the survey, which would be a PSQI, would be made up of 10 questions related to sleep habits over a one-month period and includes subscales assessing sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep distur bances, and daytime-dysfunction (Ahrberg, Dresler, Niedermaier, Steiger, Genzel, 2012). This section should take about 5 minutes. The second section of the survey would consist of three of Kunins faces scale to measure stress levels during the semester, pre-test, and post-test. This section should take about 1 minute. The final section of the survey would consist of five questions asking about the participants academic performance. These questions would pertain to the participants GPA, their ability to focus in class, how they work with other students in the class, their ability to stay awake in class, and their overall mood during class. After completing the survey, the participant will be thanked for participating in the study and will be given a cup of coffee or hot chocolate as a reward and to keep them awake in the rest of their classes, and they will finally be dismissed. References Ahrberg, K., Dresler, M., Niedermaier, S., Steiger, A., Genzel, L. (2012). The interaction between sleep quality and academic performance. Journal of Psychiatric Research. Advance online publication. https://dx.doi.org.mcc1.ilbrary.csulb.edu/10.1016/j.jpsychires

Philosophy of Nursing - 1024 Words

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Satan The True Hero Of Paradise Lost Essay Paper Example For Students

Satan: The True Hero Of Paradise Lost Essay Paper The argument over who is the true protagonist of Paradise Lost, has been brewing for centuries. One would gather that Milton, a Puritan, would have no problem casting God as the hero, and Satan as the antagonist. But looking back in history, Milton saw that most epic heroes had conflicts that prevented them from accomplishing their goals. God and his Son have no conflict, and Adams story doesnt really begin until the Fall of Man. Therefore, Milton was forced to select Satan as the hero of Paradise Lost because he adheres to the guidelines of epic poetry set by Homer, Vergil and others. There many examples of how Milton uses and edits the tradition of these previous epics in the formation of the Devil as a hero. One of the most basic examples of heroism in epic poetry is the exhortation of the leader to his followers. In The Odyssey, Homer lets Odysseus give a speech that would convince anyone they could survive the journey to the Strait of Messina,Then we die with our eyes open , if we are going to die, or know what death we baffle if we can.(ln.1243-1245) After passing the Sirens, the ship approaches the Strait, and the crew sees the twin terrors of Scylla and Charybdis, they are mortified. Odysseus again lifts their spirits with this speech,Garcia 2Friends, have we ever been in danger before this? More fearsome, is it now, than when the Cyclops penned us in his cave? What power he had! Did I not keep my nerve, and use my wits to find a way out for us? Heads up, lads! We must now obey orders as I give them.(1294-1302)Here Odysseus shows the true ability of a hero to lead in the face of adversity. Of course Odysseus had the assurance that he would survive the journey and his crew will not, but that does not stop him from leading them. In Paradise Lost, this device is used in the opening scene. After suffering a major defeat at the hands of the Almighty and his angels, Satan awakens in a lake of fire. He first speaks to Beelzebub, his second in command, telling him,All is not lost, the unconquerable Will, and study of revenge, immortal hate, and courage never to submit or yield: and what else is not to be overcome? Since by Fate the strength of Gods and Empyreal substance cannot fail, Since though experience of this great event in Arms not worse, in foresight much advances, We may with more successful hope resolve to wage by force or guile eternal War irreconcilable, to our grand Foe, who now triumphs, and in thexcess of joy sole reigning holds the Tyranny of Heavn.(106-109,116-124) Beelzebub, perhaps showing signs of little faith in his leader (like Odysseus crew), raises some important questions. What if he our Conqueror, (whom I now of force believe Almighty, since no less than such could have oerpowrd such force as ours) have Garcia 3left us this our spirit and strength entire strongly to suffer and support our pains, that we may so suffice his vengeful ire, or do him mightier service as his thralls by right of War, whateer his business be, here in the heart of Hell to work in Fire, Or to do his errands in the gloomy Deep; What can it then avail though yet we feel Strength undiminisht, or eternal being to undergo eternal punishment?(143-155) Satan, as any good leader would, quickly allays his companions fear with more speech. During the speech, Satan casts doubts about Gods supremacy and boldly states that they are better off where they are, Here at least we shall be free Here we may reign secureBetter to reign in Hell, than serve in Heaven.(258-263) Beelzebub is taken aback by Satans words and awakens all of the fallen angels. Once Satan has their attention, he rouses thes e fallen angels with another speech, askingHow such united force of Gods, how such stood like these, could ever know repulse? For who can yet believe, though after loss, that all these puissant Legions, whose exile hath emptied Heavn, shall fail to re-ascend self-raised, and repossess their native seat.(629-634)Finally, at the end his speech, Satan sets them all on their course of conflict, Peace is despaired, for who can think of Submission? War then, War open or understood, must be resolved.(660-662) The fallen angels respond with a rowdy confirmation, waving their swords in the and hurling defiance at Heaven. .u1fb277182558750587d3ac7a08a7522b , .u1fb277182558750587d3ac7a08a7522b .postImageUrl , .u1fb277182558750587d3ac7a08a7522b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1fb277182558750587d3ac7a08a7522b , .u1fb277182558750587d3ac7a08a7522b:hover , .u1fb277182558750587d3ac7a08a7522b:visited , .u1fb277182558750587d3ac7a08a7522b:active { border:0!important; } .u1fb277182558750587d3ac7a08a7522b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1fb277182558750587d3ac7a08a7522b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1fb277182558750587d3ac7a08a7522b:active , .u1fb277182558750587d3ac7a08a7522b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1fb277182558750587d3ac7a08a7522b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1fb277182558750587d3ac7a08a7522b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1fb277182558750587d3ac7a08a7522b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1fb277182558750587d3ac7a08a7522b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1fb277182558750587d3ac7a08a7522b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1fb277182558750587d3ac7a08a7522b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1fb277182558750587d3ac7a08a7522b .u1fb277182558750587d3ac7a08a7522b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1fb277182558750587d3ac7a08a7522b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Woodrow Wilson Argumentative EssayMilton has given you Satan in the tradition of the epic hero. Even though he knows Satan is not the good-guy, he does possess some of the qualities of a hero. Garcia 4He is the pinnacle of the assembled crew, hailed even by enemies as the strongest of the lot. All the angels face a bad situation (exile in Hell) and yet Satan exhorts them all with a speech. He recounts how they survived some bad encounters in the past, and then says they will survive their present predicament. His speech also spurns the angels into some positive action. The action of war against God sets a task out in front of Satan. This quest allows Satan to fulfill anoth er quintessential element of the epic hero. In almost every epic ever written the hero has to overcome obstacles that stand in their way to complete their daunting task. In The Odyssey, Odysseus is away from his home 20 years, 10 fighting the Trojan War and another 10 years trying desperately to get back home. Odysseus quest or journey is to travel against the will of Poseidon to get back home to Ithaca. The invocation of the muses, describes most but not all of the trials and tribulations of Odysseus. Tell me the story of a man skilled in all ways of contending the wanderer, harried for years on end after he plundered the stronghold of Troy. He saw the townlands and learned the minds of many distant men, and weathered many bitter nights and days in his deep heart at sea, while he fought only to save his life, to bring his shipmates home. But not by will or valor could he save them(1-10)Odysseus obstacles can be traced back to a mistake he made when he blinded Polyphemos and let his pride get the best of him, announcing to the Cyclops his real name. This allowed Poseidon to enact Polyphemos wrath on Odysseus, vowing that he Garcia 5would never see his home again. But Odysseus does conquer those obstacles and finally makes it home. Satan can be said to have the same flaw as Odysseus. He, in part, is the cause of his own demise. Had Satan served God willfully, the war never would have raged in Heaven, and Satan and his Army never wouldve been thrown in the fiery pits of Hell. However, without that action Satan would not be a hero. His being in Hell leads to him realize his purpose, to corrupt the new type of being God has created on Earth. Satans journey can be said to be some of Miltons most original piece of writing, because nobody had ever written about Satans journey so intricately as Milton. To quote Isabel MacCaffrey,The voyage of Books II and III is Miltons greatest original creation. There was precedent for the journey motif in epic tradition, but no real parallel to a voyage by Satan in the Christian literature on which Milton drew.(29)Unlike most epic heroes, Satan does not necessarily come out on top at the end of his journey/quest. This is where many are quick to judge and point out that since Satan losses, he can not be an epic hero. Milton intended for Satan to lose, after all, the epic is based on the Bible and is meant to justify the ways of God to man.(26) Milton was merely explaining that Satan both won and lost. He won in the hero sense by completing his task of corrupting Adam Eve, which allowed Sin and Death to enter the world. But he lost in more ways than one. One of Miltons central themes is that God knows what Garcia 6Satan will do before he actually does it. This is where Miltons poetic side and his religious side clash. It creates a hypocritical division because Milton wants to show that God is All-Knowing(Satan is just hunk of mass with no free will) and that Satan is our epic hero(Satan is head the rebel angels). Satan also loses because of the fact that 1)due to his trickery he would be a snake forever and 2)The Son was going to come down to earth and die to save Adam Eve, so that Satans action would be eliminated. .u18f6d6088b5d923ac4fffb4c44e3f17d , .u18f6d6088b5d923ac4fffb4c44e3f17d .postImageUrl , .u18f6d6088b5d923ac4fffb4c44e3f17d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u18f6d6088b5d923ac4fffb4c44e3f17d , .u18f6d6088b5d923ac4fffb4c44e3f17d:hover , .u18f6d6088b5d923ac4fffb4c44e3f17d:visited , .u18f6d6088b5d923ac4fffb4c44e3f17d:active { border:0!important; } .u18f6d6088b5d923ac4fffb4c44e3f17d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u18f6d6088b5d923ac4fffb4c44e3f17d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u18f6d6088b5d923ac4fffb4c44e3f17d:active , .u18f6d6088b5d923ac4fffb4c44e3f17d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u18f6d6088b5d923ac4fffb4c44e3f17d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u18f6d6088b5d923ac4fffb4c44e3f17d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u18f6d6088b5d923ac4fffb4c44e3f17d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u18f6d6088b5d923ac4fffb4c44e3f17d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u18f6d6088b5d923ac4fffb4c44e3f17d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u18f6d6088b5d923ac4fffb4c44e3f17d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u18f6d6088b5d923ac4fffb4c44e3f17d .u18f6d6088b5d923ac4fffb4c44e3f17d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u18f6d6088b5d923ac4fffb4c44e3f17d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How To Buy A Home EssayBreak down Paradise Lost to it bare bones, removing all religious overtones, and you have yourself an epic poem, plain and simple. The hero of this poem is a man named Satan who is banished for challenging the leadership of the clan. This man Satan makes a vow to destroy or corrupt anything created by the clan. This Satan was resourceful, making the best of what he had, very little, and accomplishing his goal. Satan may just be the nonconformist who couldnt abide by what was considered normal. In any case one must show their admiration for Satan in his unwillingness to serve in Heaven, and then in the way he accepted his resulting role in Hell.

American President free essay sample

The president plays a wide variety of key roles in this movie. He demonstrates legislative leadership by working to pass a crime bill. Another role he demonstrated is commander and chief when he gives the order to bomb Libya. The president also exercises his role as a foreign policy leader by having a dinner with the French president. During the movie, the presidential election is coming up soon, so the president attends fundraising parties, which is an example of political party leader. Interest group are groups of people with a common interest that seek to influence political leaders that affect laws. In the movie, the interest group GDC hires Sydney Ellen Wade to lobby the government for a reduction in fossil fuels by 20%. She does this by providing compelling statistics that may persuade congressmen and cabinet members towards increased regulation on fossil fuels. If successful, interest groups and lobbyist have a significant affect on the American culture. We will write a custom essay sample on American President or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the movie, the media plays an important role by exposing the president’s personal life. As the president starts to fall in love with Sydney, the opposing party uses this to hopefully gain votes. They do this by finding anything and everything that Sydney has done wrong in her life. After a few days of searching, they finally find Sydney taking part in a protest where she was caught burning an American Flag. The opposing political party exposes this to the media. The media makes it known to the public that Sydney committed such an act. Once the American people realize this, they change their opinion based on someone involved in his personal ife. As a result, the president’s popularity declines dramatically which affects his political influence. In movies such as The American President, aspects of our political system are depicted accurately. The president in the movie demonstrates many key roles of our president today. The GDC, an interest group, is trying to have legislators approve a bill in-favor of their beliefs. There is also the media that exposes the presid ent’s personal life to the public. All of these elements represent our modern political system.